CULTURE DEFINITION

CROSS CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING

DOSEN PENGAMPU:

DRS. PURWO HARYONO, M. Hum.

DISUSUN OLEH:

NAMA : FIBRIANI ENDAH WIDYASARI

NIM : 0611201573

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

FAKULTAS KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN

UNIVERSITAS WIDYA DHARMA

2009

THE DEFINITION of CULTURE

1. Nostrand (1989: 51)

Defines culture as the attitudes and beliefs, way of thinking, behaving, and remembering shared by members of that community.

The Elements are:

a. Attitudes and beliefs.

b. Way of thinking.

c. Behaving and remembering.

d. Shared by members of that community.

2. Richard Brisling (1990: 11)

Culture as refers to widely shared ideals, values, formation and uses of categories, assumptions about life, and goal-directed activities that become unconsciously subconsciously accepted as “right” and “correct” by people who identify them selves as members of society.

The Elements are:

a. Widely shared ideals

b. Values

c. Formation and uses of categories

d. Assumption about life

e. Goal-directed activities

3. Croydon (1973: 4)

Culture is a system of integrated pattern, most of which remain below the threshold of consciousness, yet all of which govern human behavior just as surely as the manipulated strings of a puppet control its motion.

The Elements are:

a. A system of integrated pattern.

b. Remain below the threshold of consciousness.

c. Control its motion.

4. Larson and Smalley (1972: 39)

Culture as “blue print” which guides the behavior of people in a community and is incubated in family life. It governs our behavior in groups, makes us sensitive to matters of status, and help us know what our responsibility is to the group. Different cultures are the underlying structures which make round community round and square community square.

The Elements are:

a. “Blue print” which guides the behavior of people in a community and is incubated in family life.

b. Governs our behavior in groups

c. Sensitive to matters of status

d. Know what our responsibility is to the group.

e. Different cultures are the underlying structures which make round community round and square community square.

5. Ralph Linton (1945: 30)

Kebudayaan adalah seluruh cara kehidupan dari masyarakat yang manapun dan tidak hanya mengenai sebagian dari cara hidup itu yaitu bagian yang oleh masyarakat dianggap lebih tinggi atau lebih diinginkan.

The Elements are:

a. Way of life

b. Not only a part of way of life, but also the higher curious life

6. Raymond Williams (1961: 16)

Culture is the whole of life, material, intellectual, and spiritual.

The Elements are:

a. Whole way of life

b. Material

c. Intellectual

d. Spiritual

7. Al. Krueber (1958: 582-583)

Kebudayaan sebagai suatu sistem dari ide-ide dan konsep-konsep dari wujud kebudayaan sebagai suatu rangkaian tindakan dan aktivitas manusia yang berpola.

The Elements are:

a. The system of ideas and the concepts of the culture.

b. Pattern action of human behavior

8. Sir Edwards B Tylor (1871: 1)

Kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan kompleks dari ide dan segala sesuatu yang dihasilkan manusia dalam pengalaman historisnya. Termasuk disini adalah pengetahuan, kepercayaan, seni, moral, hukum, kebiasaan, dan kemampuan serta perilaku lainnya yang diperoleh manusia sebagai anggota masyarakat.

The Elements are:

a. All from their history experiences

b. Shared with fellows in their community

9. C. Klluckhohn (1949: 35)

Sebagai total dari cara hidup suatu bangsa, warisan sosial yang diperoleh individu dari grupnya.

The Elements are:

a. All the way of life from certain nation

b. Social inheritance from the group to individual

10. Koentjoroningrat (1985: 180)

Kebudayaan adalah keseluruhan sistem gagasan, tindakan dan hasil karya manusia dalam rangka kehidupan masyarakat yang dijadikan milik dari manusia dengan belajar.

The Elements are:

a. The whole ideas system

b. Action and human’s products

CONCLUSION

Culture as the way of life and thinking, attitudes, beliefs, material, intellectual, spiritual, behaving and remembering, a system of integrated pattern, the system of ideas and the concepts of culture, pattern action of human behavior, motion control, assumption about life, goal-directed activities, governs our behavior in groups, all the way of life from certain nation, social inheritance from the group to individual, the whole ideas system, action and human’s products, not only the part of way of life, but also the higher curious life, and as a “Blue print” which guides the behavior of people in a community and is incubated in family life.